What is a GFP mouse?
These UBC-GFP transgenic mice express enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) under the direction of the human ubiqutin C promoter. Mice homozygous for the transgene are viable, fertile, normal in size and do not display any gross physical or behavioral abnormalities. These mice express GFP in all tissues examined.
What is NF kB in immunity?
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in immune cells is initially activated by tumour necrosis factor (TNF), IL-1 and various pathogen-associated or damage-associated molecular patterns, leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and growth factors such as TNF, IL-1, IL-6 and vascular endothelial growth …
What genes does NF kB activate?
NF-κB is a key transcription factor of M1 macrophages and is required for induction of a large number of inflammatory genes, including those encoding TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40 and cyclooxygenase-2.
What phosphorylates NF kB?
GSK-3β has been identified as the kinase responsible for phosphorylating RelB at S552, which further highlights an important role for this kinase in the regulation of NF-κB activity [45].
What is NF kB in biology?
Rel or NF-kappaB (NF-kB) proteins comprise a family of structurally-related eukaryotic transcription factors that are involved in the control of a large number of normal cellular and organismal processes, such as immune and inflammatory responses, developmental processes, cellular growth, and apoptosis.
How is NF kB regulated?
The primary mechanism for regulating NF-κB is through inhibitory IκB proteins (IκB, inhibitor of NF-κB), and the kinase that phosphorylates IκBs, namely, the IκB kinase (IKK) complex.
What is MIP GFP mice?
These “MIP-GFP” transgenic mice express Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) under the control of the mouse insulin 1 promoter. Fluorescence is detected in tissues where insulin I is normally expressed; fluorescent protein expression in pancreatic beta-cells is evident from embryonic day (E)13.5 through adulthood.
How is NF kB activity measured?
Another common method to measure NF-κB activity at the transcriptional activation level is to use a gene reporter assay, which introduces an exogenous NF-κB consensus promoter sequence linked to a measurable ‘reporter gene’ such as luciferase (18).
What does NF kappa B pathway do?
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is an ancient protein transcription factor (Salminen et al., 2008) and considered a regulator of innate immunity (Baltimore, 2009). The NF-κB signaling pathway links pathogenic signals and cellular danger signals thus organizing cellular resistance to invading pathogens.
Is nuclear factor kappa BA TLR?
The transcription factor NF-kappaB is the master regulator of all TLR-induced responses and its activation is the pivotal event in TLR-mediated activation of the innate immune response.